Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay

How do the protagonists from Beowulf and Hamlet compare? Though both play a major role in an epic story, they share a few common viewpoints. The outcome of both stories is greatly influenced by the main character’s struggles in life. The situations that occur throughout these stories also impact the narratives. In addition, the various characters in each work influence the protagonists’ choices and lives. Each is involved in themes which can easily relate to those of modern day society, although Beowulf and Hamlet live in completely different times. Beowulf is the ideal warrior; he is a strong, fearless fighter and a fantastic leader who goes to immutable extremes to protect his people. When his country is threatened by what is thought to be an undefeatable beast named Grendel, Beowulf does the impossible and slays the monster. Hamlet, on the other hand, is not a leader like Beowulf whatsoever. Hamlet is not even a king or recognized as a leader. Hamlet’s father was murdered, and afterwards he simply wants to go back to school to learn. It is not until much thought and preparation that he makes it his mission to have his father’s revenge. If Beowulf was placed in the same situation, he would have instantly killed the man responsible for the murder. From the beginning of this epic poem, Beowulf is not loved as a child and is told he will never be a leader, thus giving him the motivation to become one of the greatest warriors ever. His only fear is failure, in battle and as a leader. He takes on such a large role as a warrior that his fellow countrymen do not see the need to ever prepare to fight because Beowulf is all the warrior they need. This ultimately results in much pain and struggle when Beowulf finds himself in need of assistance. Hamlet is as much of an introvert as Beowulf is an extrovert. Hamlet prefers to study instead of fight and learn over battle. Hamlet’s parents love him, but his mother is a shallow woman who marries his uncle solely to remain in a place of power. Horatio and Hamlet hold an odd relationship- Horatio is Hamlet’s servant, yet he is a close friend of Hamlet’s. There are many major events in both of these narratives, but one in each stands out. In Beowulf, at the beginning of the novel he is crowned king and viewed as the leader of all. This is a major event because it puts Beowulf in a position of undivided power which seems to eventually go to his head. Though he is an incredible leader, he believes that he does not and never will need any assistance, which ends up being fatal. In his final moments, Beowulf exclaims â€Å"To the everlasting Lord of All, to the King of Glory, I give thanks that I behold this treasure here in front of me, that I have been allowed to leave my people so well endowed on the day I die† (Beowulf, page 189). A major turning point in Hamlet is the scene where Hamlet speaks with his father’s ghost. Up until this point in the play, Hamlet seems at ease with his father’s death, but after he converses with the ghost he becomes ridden with revenge. This climax turns the entire context of the play from Hamlet wishing to attend school to Hamlet seeking revenge on his uncle which, similarly to Beowulf, leads to his death. Beowulf’s character is rather elaborate. At the beginning of the book, it is said â€Å"a boy-child was born to Shield, a cub in the yard, a comfort sent by God to the nation† (Beowulf, page 3). From the beginning, Beowulf is made out to be an undefeatable hero who will stop at nothing to protect his people from danger. It is easy to relate to Beowulf in the sense that he will always rise to people’s expectations and continue to exceed them, as supported by the text â€Å"then Halfdane’s son presented Beowulf with a gold standard as a victory gift†¦with customary grace bestowed upon Beowulf both sets of gifts† (Beowulf, page 69). But it eventually comes to a point where he simply cannot meet the expectations and is left dumbfounded. As Grendel’s mother returns to take her son’s claw, she is frightened as â€Å"The hell-dam was in panic, desperate to get out, in mortal terror the moment she was found, she had pounced and taken one of the retainers in a tight hold, then headed for the fen† (Beowulf, page 91). Even though the monster is scared and running away, Beowulf, simply out of pride, follows her to her home to battle. Hamlet has no leadership desire at the beginning of the play. He simply wants to study and learn while his dad rules the country. Then Claudius, his uncle, murders his dad and after an encounter with his father’s ghost, Hamlet’s personality changes; he becomes obsessed with restitution. This makes sense because anger is one of the strongest human emotions. It is an axiomatic emotion, referred to as â€Å"one of the seven deadly sins.† For Hamlet, this becomes a reality as getting revenge ultimately leads to his own death. A very popular quote, â€Å"More than kin, less than kind† (Hamlet, page 3) was originated in Hamlet when he mumbled it to his uncle, who becomes his stepfather. Beowulf and Hamlet, though composed by different authors and written in different forms, have struggles which parallel many in the world today. Both of the heroes are affected by emotions, the people around them, and the events that occur throughout each work. Beowulf lives in a very violent society where heinous violence is the norm; this compares to certain parts of the world today, such as the Mideast. He also exemplifies the good in good versus evil which most of the modern world still deals with today. Beowulf fought against monsters whereas people today fight against disease and terrorism. Hamlet’s obsession with revenge is not different from many living today. Although Christians are meant to forgive their neighbors, many find this difficult. We are supposed to learn from history, however, the past seems to repeat itself more often than not. Even though Hamlet and Beowulf live in different eras, their battles with violence, good versus evil, and revenge still hold true today.

Practicum Reflection Paper

Every fourth-year teacher trainees will have to conduct practicum and will work under the guideline of their associate teachers and supervisors. The purpose of doing the practicum are to put training into practice, to become accustomed to teaching in the tertiary school settings, and to develop and expand each trainee’s teaching expertise and confidence. In the following paragraph, I will express what I have learnt from doing practicum to reflect on my past teaching strengths and weaknesses from the teaching practicum.Firstly, I would like to talk about the lesson planning and delivering. As we have already learnt from Teaching Methodology 402, lesson plan works as guideline and help us a lot as teacher trainees. It reminds us what to do, which data and techniques to use to facilitate both teaching and learning. As for the process of planning and delivering the lesson plan, I would dear to say that it is not an easy thing to do. For my case, the first time I planned my lesson plan I spent about ten hours to complete it.I had to think of the objectives of the lesson I would teach, collect materials to use, and select techniques which is suitable with the materials I chose and would help students to have reason to study. It is not enough yet; I had also discussed with both my associate and supervisor lecturers and my peers for ideas and advice. Next, it is about the classroom management. Monitoring students and the class is needed during our teaching. We have to make sure that students are listening to our instruction, when we are giving it to them. We can ask one or two students to repeat or tell other students what they are supposed to do.It is recommended that we have to frequently spend our time walking around the class. In doing so, we can monitor the students effectively. Also, it is easy for students to ask question if there are any. Voice projection also plays very important in language teaching. It is fact that louder speech can make our teaching more interesting. But if we speak too soft, the students will get bored because sometimes they cannot hear us properly. One of teacher trainees I have observed got only mark just around the border line score. The reason is that her voice is too soft.Last but not least, pronunciation, it is very important for us as the language teacher especially when teaching vocabulary and we have to pronounce words correctly. I could see that almost all associate teachers and supervisors always focus on and tell every teacher trainee before and after he or she teaches. I myself have been given comments related to this problem from both my associate teacher and supervisor during my teaching. Actually, I am also aware of this issue and it is clear I could not get full mark for this from my lectures. However, I will to improve my pronunciation so I will be better my teaching in the future.In conclusion, I have gained more knowledge and experiences from doing practicum not just from associate and supe rvisor lecturers and my peers, but also from the students I have taught. Most people think that teaching the language is not very difficult. They just come to class and explain the students based on the course book. However, it is not the right thought to my understanding and observation so far. To achieve good result of teaching, we have to consider number of thing carefully such as lesson planning and delivering, classroom management, methodology, and other important aspects in teaching.

International services marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International services marketing - Essay Example Marketing services is different from marketing goods. As opposed to good, services are produced and consumed at the same time. This is because services have different characteristics from those associated with goods. Such characteristics include intangibility, inseparability, variability, and their lack of perishability. Therefore, the services are measured in terms of quality. Another difference between goods and services is the inseparability of services. This is because the services production cannot be alienated from the consumption process (Ahmadzadeh, et al., 2012). Services also tend to vary in aspects such as quality. These characteristics make marketing of services different from that of products. Therefore, success in marketing of services depends on relationship building. Service-based business rely on building trust, deliverability, the wants and needs, and the ability to convince customers that you are capable of driveling a service in time. However, marketing products i s different and mainly depends on factors such as price of the product and the quality of the product (Rao 2011). The marketing and trading of services across nations has been growing rapidly over the recent past. Export of services plays a critical role in trade balance, expansion of employment opportunities, and enhancing economic growth. However, the service economy is affected by factors such as export service capacity, limitation of resources required in service delivery. Such resource may include the human as well as financial capacity. Other factors affecting the service economy include behavioral and operative barriers. Moreover, language barrier affects intercultural service delivery due to poor interpretation of information (Fisk 1999). Export of services raises several issues. These issues include the privacy of the service consumers, the national security of the countries to which the services

William Gilpin, On Picturesque Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

William Gilpin, On Picturesque Beauty - Essay Example In his essay Gilpin demonstrates that the ;picturesque can both be the objective of the travels (though it may not be the only objective as per rational reasons) and it will be the sole source of amusement. Gilpin introduces the idea that the philosophy of creation and appreciation of beauty cannot be done in isolation from the sublime. The quality of greatness that is sublime, whether it occurs in a physical, metaphysical, spiritual or artistic form cannot be considered picturesque if exists without a certain degree of beauty. An apt example given is that of a vast ocean which is sublime in its power but without any other object or point of reference to increase the overall beauty of the scenery it depicts it will not be considered picturesque and thus, will not provide any great source of pleasure for the viewer. The objective of the picturesque travel is to seek out such a combination of form, composition, color and atmosphere which comes together as the perfect aesthetic blend of sublime and beauty. Andin the case of nature, the seeker is fortunate as there are innumerous examples and varieties of objects to be found which together create picturesque forms of scenery. â€Å"They are varied, a second time,  combination; and almost as much, a third time, by different  lights,  and shades, and other aerial effects. Sometimes we find among them the exhibition of a  whole; but oftener we find only beautiful  parts.† (Giplin) Animals, humans and the great ruins which form the landscape for the traveler can all be a part of the picturesque. But again it is their form and the overall scene the depict that is of concern in this kind of study- though with all these elements to consider those who have a love of the picturesque can a find great variety to amuse themselves with even in just the pure nature. According to the author, there is more beauty to be found in the usual occurrences than the unusual. He describes

STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Jerry Watson, Appellant Research Paper

STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Jerry Watson, Appellant - Research Paper Example The offense was first-degree murder, and it resulted in his conviction and imprisonment for 10 to 20 years for use of lightest deadly weapon to commit the crime. This paper aims to; critically discuss the case of State of Nebraska v Jerry Watson in its entirety and, the importance of fingerprints/latent to the conviction of Jerry Watson. In an apartment in Omaha, Nebraska, Bonnet, the victim was living alone. After failing to report for work for two days in a row on October 17, 1978, a friend called the manager to check on him in his apartment complex. The manager of the complex looked through the mail slot in the door and saw him lying inside, he then knocked the door. When he failed to answer his door, through the mail slot, he saw Bonnet lying there but, he looked injured or very sick. The manager then decided to call an ambulance to rush Bonnet to the hospital for treatment. The Fire Department of Omaha responded to the call for help. Forcibly, they entered the apartment after the initial futile attempt to gain access to the apartment. Bonnet was found lying head facing down and naked. In his abdomen, he suffered one wound. The stabbed wound seemed to be the cause of his death as revealed by an autopsy. The Omaha police then began to process the complex apartment as the crime scene after securing it and discovering Bonnets body. Before the crime, the apartment was described as neat and very orderly. Photographs of the scene and evidence from the apartment taken by the crime scene investigators became part of the evidence. Newspapers were found scattered both on the floor and on a coffee table, and the telephone cord found severed. Hair and fecal matter found in the three towels found near Bonnets body. Cans of beer found in the kitchen sink and the trash can. A note that stated a piece of evidence also left the scene of the crime. The note ends with a derogatory statement to the police officers. After a thorough search, Bonnets wallet or any cash could

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation Essay - 1

Leaderhip and Management in Resusitation - Essay Example Loss of time and error in the Resuscitation Department are paid dearly by the patient’s increased risk of morbidity (Rosen et al., 2008). In this scenario, there is an incessant demand for the healthcare team in the ERD to hone not only their specific individual and professional skills, but that they should learn to coordinate and work effectively as a team (Cooper and Wakelam, 1999; Sarcevic, Marsic, Waterhouse, Stockwell, and Burd, 2011). The high stress scenario of ERD is not an imagined reality. In fact, it is an actuality that is encountered daily by the healthcare team that is assigned in the ERD. Typically, the healthcare team only has 20 minutes to work together to â€Å"(1) stabilize the patient by (2) rapidly identifying life-threatening injuries; (3) determine the extent of the injury; (4) develop a plan for definitive surgical management of the patient† (Sarcevic et al, 2011, p. 229). Generally, the team is composed of 7 -15 members and they include an attending surgeon, surgical residents or fellows, nurses, an orthopaedic surgeon, an anaesthesiologist, a respiratory therapist, a pharmacist and an X-ray technician (Sarcevic et al., 2011). Additional specialist may be added to the team depending on the need of the patient. In this regard, it can be inferred that the health care team in ERD is technically an interdisciplinary team that have come together for the primary purpose of providing the patient with the initial care that the patient crucially needs. With this perspective, this research will delve on the critical function of nurses-Resuscitation Officer in the ERD. Specifically, this research will focus on the impact of nursing leadership and management in the discharge of the functions of Resuscitation Officer in the Resuscitation Department. Nursing leadership and management in ERD is crucial not only

The Role of Mainstream Media Limited in Contemporary Globalized Essay

The Role of Mainstream Media Limited in Contemporary Globalized Society - Essay Example The power today lands in the hands of people who have become both the architects and focus of media, and are redefining globalization. The key question that this essay, analyses and addresses, is whether the role of mainstream media, in light of that has been limiting in today’s globalized world and how the power-shift towards social-media is affecting mainstream media. Introduction Of the three dimensions of globalization: political, economical and cultural, cultural globalization has been the face of globalization. It is partly because of concerns with economic and political forms of globalization (Robertson and White) and partly because of the active role that media has played in it. The speech of Boris Yelsen on the fall of Soviet Union, broadcasted by CNN satellite has been identified as the decisive moment of advent of globalization (Beck). Since then, Media has played an important role in defining, shaping and amplifying globalization. Marx and Engels contemplated that print media, known as the Fourth Estate, would be an important piece in the establishment of a democratic public body that catalyzes social change (Kellner and Pierce). The rise of global media with cable television, news networks and privatization of media further brought the world together. A number of networks became global in their outreach like CNN, MTV, HBO, ESPN, TNT, Nickelodeon, the Cartoon Network, Discovery, Disney, and many of these channels were translated and adopted as per local languages and cultures. Some scholars, however, have criticized this influence, as cultural imperialism as Western culture has been dominant in private media networks (Jan)(Thussu). Technological advancesand socia media The communication ecosystem of the industrial globalized society has been traditionally built on mainstream mass media, principally television, radio and the print press. These technologies have adopted the mass dissemination of a one-way communication from one-to-many. Since t he late 90s, the extensive spread and diffusion of the Internet, mobile technologies, digital media and a diversity of social technological tools throughout the globe has transmuted the one-to-many communication network into interactive horizontal linkages that link the local with the global. New forms of social media (online media tools that enable people to communicate easily with internet to known people or a wider audience), such as text messages, tweets, blogs, communication forums, social networking sites, podcasts and wikis, tailor the flow of messages from many-to-many. This medium has provided alternative means for citizen communication, participatory journalism and globalization. Power-paradigm within mainstream and social media Power has played an important role for mainstream media to create an impact on the society. In his book, Why study the Media?, author Roger Silverstone states that media holds the power to influence and change the political processes(Silverstone). It is about the reach, representation – presenting, revealing and explaining, that gave mainstream media a commanding control over how things are perceived in different types of the world. Similarly, (Volkmer) in his book, News in the Global Sphere: A study of CNN and its Impact on Global Communication, asserts that global political communications such as that of CNN International have been a dominative force in creating a global public sphere and thereby a global civil society. However,

MPC Relationship With Its Large Global Customers Case Study

MPC Relationship With Its Large Global Customers - Case Study Example Moreover certain value-added services that were provided to the clients which helped in improving and bolstering its relationship with the clients. The relationship between the suppliers and the clients is guided by the bargaining power of the supplier/the buyer. The supplier dictates the shots if it has a higher bargaining power and conversely, the client has an upper hand when it has a higher bargaining power. In this case, there are only a few players I the market. Moreover, with high entry costs, the entry of new players is quite difficult. This gives MPC a higher bargaining power. The bargaining power also defines the value division. The bargaining of the supplier with the client the amount the supplier gets for providing its clients with the important resources. The figure above depicts the relationship between the client and the supplier using a line segment. The top level of the line represents the value that has been received by the buyer. This value is equal to the willingness of the buyer to pay for the goods or services minus the amount that has been paid by the organization. The middle segment represents the value that has been captured by the firm. The lowermost position of the segment defines the value that has been acquired by the supplier. (Brandenburger M, Stuart HW, n.d.). The figure above gives a model on how suppliers should rate its clients. MPC must use the model stated in the figure to analyze its relationship with the clients. It should divide its clients on the basis of relative value and its attractiveness. MPC can also use its rapport with its clients to set up bases in the low-cost destinations. This would allow the company to make its presence in those markets while creating entry barriers for the new players. This would also give MPC a foothold in a new and emerging market. The firm can employ the model of Brandenburger and Stuart for creating new value in their product offering. This model is based on the concepts of value  creation and added value which represents the size of the profit to be shared and how to share that profit respectively.  

An Autoinhibitory Domain Confers Redox Regulation to Maize Glycerate Essay

An Autoinhibitory Domain Confers Redox Regulation to Maize Glycerate Kinase - Essay Example In assessing the in vivo activity of GLYK, GLYK activity was found to be low in the absence of 1, 4-dithio-DL-threitol (DTT), which cleaves disulfide bonds, but high in the presence of it. It needs light to function, as well. Next, 6 maize Trx genes were found from maize genome using sorghum Trx. The two type f Trx genes activated maize GLYK the most. Finally, in comparing maize GLYK to C3 plants, the Km of former was found to be similar to that of other plants in reducing conditions, but was only a third when DTT or Trx was absent. In addition, maize GLYK is longer, having a C-terminal extension of seven amino acids, including 2 Cys residues that form a disulfide bond Overall, the research was able to identify the molecular mechanism of maize GLYK regulation, which is the disulfide bond at the C-terminal extension. However, the authors were mistaken when they said in the text that it is the Km, which is similar among the plants. They would have been more correct if they said it was Vmax, as table I suggests. In addition, it would have been better if the writers said that the values being compared are not significantly different from each other, because, in contrast to the text, they are not similar as

Adverse Occurrence Root Cause Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adverse Occurrence Root Cause Analysis - Essay Example At the same time, it communicates the lessons learned from the problem solving activities (Decision Systems, 2012). REASON integrates the need to perform RCA on both sentinel events and the routine analysis of everyday counter-quality problems for ongoing activities. This cuts down on the amount of time needed for  scheduling, required number of personnel as well as training (Decision Systems, 2012). It does this by providing a scalable process that matches the analysis time and effort to the weight of the crisis. They are summarized as REASON  FrontLine  for small issues, REASON  Express  for significant issues, and REASON  Pro  for serious and sentinel event issues (Decision Systems, 2012). These steps are simplified further by a wizard that asks the attendant to name the problem, the causes, and a business process that will rectify it.   This will focus on describing what is seen happening. It will lay down the symptoms observed in the patient. The problem is defined factually including the qualitative and quantitative properties of the dangerous outcomes. It additionally includes detailing the nature, the degree, the locations, and the timings of the occurrence. This stage will avail proof of existence of the problem. It will also specify the period the problem has existed up to the final crisis, including the impact it has had on the patient. For each behavior, situation, action, or inaction it will be specified what should have been and how it differs from the actual one observed (Andersen & Fagerhaug, 2006). The best suited tool here is the CATWOE. It involves using different perspectives to view the same situation. In it are the customers (patients), the actors who implement the solutions, the transformation process which is affected, and the world’s view, the owner of the process and finally environmental limitations (Hardy, 2010). This stage examines the sequence of events that led to the problem, and

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay I had always been enamored with science; accordingly I did my major in Chemistry and Archaeology from the University of Virginia. In this process I attended two archeological digs. One of these was of six weeks duration at a Native American Site that dated back to the seventeenth century. The other one was conducted at a Historical Site that pertained to the nineteenth century, during one of the semesters in college. During the course of my studies in archeology, I performed an isotopic analysis on hair samples obtained from ancient Egyptian mummies, in order to discover the diet that they used to consume. Subsequent, to graduating with a degree in chemistry and archaeology, I discontinued my studies in order to take stock of my life and also to foray into the field of penmanship by writing a novel. Afterwards, I examined the various graduate programs that I could join in order to continue my education. My interest in science actuated me to pursue a program in patent law in the law school. I did extremely well at law school, but I was not enamored by the study of law or what I saw of legal practice. In my opinion it seemed to be a profession that was motivated solely by personal gain and avarice and was least concerned with the advancement of society.   After the successful completion of the first year of this program, my professors and lawyers persuaded me to continue with it as it would become more interesting.   This assurance caused me to persevere with legal studies. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay Nevertheless, the excitement generated by the acquisition of knowledge was never experienced by me. In addition, I never felt curious about discovering something new in this field of study. This was a novel experience, because I had been elated and thrilled by the process of acquiring knowledge as an undergraduate science student.   However, the time expended in acquiring a law degree was not an utter waste of time and effort. I became adept at analyzing and arguing in a legal manner. Furthermore, I acquired knowledge regarding the historical foundation of our legal system, and I grasped the nuances of patent law.   Thus, I decided to court my original and true love, which is science. Accordingly, I scouted around and subjected the various graduate programs for which I was eligible. My search, which was quite elaborate, disclosed that physical anthropology was ideally suited to my needs. Anthropology is derived from the Greek anthropos or human and logia or study. In other words anthropology constitutes the stud of humankind right from the time that man first appeared on this planet. Each and every aspect of humans is studied in this field of study and the focus is on a holistic approach to mankind. This is a fascinating study and it has four branches, namely cultural, linguistic, archaeological and biological anthropology. My predilection is towards biological or physical anthropology, which studies the biological origins, evolutionary development and genetic diversity of humans. An attempt is also made in this branch of study to comprehend human nature, the brain’s evolution and the nervous system (What is Anthropology? , 2006). My life’s ambition is to successfully complete the master program in physical anthropology and subsequently, obtain a PhD in this field of study. I am extremely interested in primatology or the study of primates, palaeoanthropology or the study of fossil hominids and genetics. At present I am involved with genetic research on mollusks at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. References    What is Anthropology? . (2006). Retrieved November 8, 2007, from American Anthropological Association: http://www.aaanet.org/anthbroc.htm

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Periodontal Diseases In Children Health And Social Care Essay Periodontics is a vast subject by itself and a pediatric dentist is called upon to use the knowledge of the same while examining and planning the treatment of children and young adults. Contrasting forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents with varying prevalence, severity, and extent, leading to a diverse prognosis in these age groups. For an early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal conditions in young patients, it is essential to be able to identify and classify the disease correctly at the earliest applying the basic principles along with understanding of etiology and risk factors. A pediatric dentist is in a unique position to identify and distinguish between a seemingly innocuous condition that may be a normal physiological aberration or an early sign of severe destruc ­tive periodontal disease. Although severe destruc ­tive periodontal conditions are uncommon in children, however it is essential that children receive a periodontal screening as part of their regular dental examination. Early diagnosis ensures a high likelihood of a successful therapeutic outcome primarily by reduction of etiologic factors, remedial therapy and development of an effective maintenance protocol. This prevents the recurrence and progression of disease and reduces the incidence of tooth loss. Key Words: adolescents, aggressive, chronic, gingivitis periodontitis. Clinical Relevance: Incorporation of periodontal screening in regular dental examination by pediatric dentist can help in early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases. This would prevent further progression of disease and reduce the frequency of tooth loss. Objective: The reader should understand the importance of periodontal screening, early diagnosis, proper treatment planning and effective maintenance plan to prevent the progression and recurrence of periodontal disease in children and adolescents. Different forms of periodontal disease affect children and adolescents. The diseases affecting the periodontium can be limited to the gingival tissues or can be associated with destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. There have been various attempts to classify periodontal diseases. Various classifications have been developed over a period of time.1-4 Based on the World Workshop in Clinical Periodontics in 1989,3 the American Academy of Periodontology proposed a classification of periodontitis as a) adult periodontitis b) early-onset periodontitis c) Periodontitis associated with systemic disease d) necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and e) refractory periodontitis. Early-onset periodontitis was further classified into a) pre-pubertal periodontitis (localized and generalized) b) juvenile periodontitis c) rapidly progressive periodontitis.(Table 1) Problems associated with the 1989 classification led to 1999 international workshop on the classification of periodontal diseases.4 A new classification system was proposed in 1999 and is presently the most accepted classification system of periodontal diseases. The periodontal diseases are classified as: 1) gingival diseases (plaque induced and non plaque induced) 2) chronic periodontitis (localized and generalized) 3) aggressive periodontitis (localized and generalized 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease 5) necrotizing periodontal disease 6) abscesses of periodontium 7) periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions and 8) developmental and acquired deformities and conditions.(Table 1) In the new classification4 adult periodontitis was changed to chronic periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis to aggressive periodontitis. These changes were made to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Chronic periodontitis was considered less age-dependent description than adult periodontitis. The term early-onset periodontitis was discarded as this form of disease can occur in children, adolescents and adults. Localized aggressive periodontitis replaced the older expression localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis. Generalized aggressive periodontitis replaced generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis.(Table 2) Table 1 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases 1999 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) Adult periodontitis Chronic periodontitis (Localized and Generalized) Early-onset periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis (Localized and Generalized). Periodontitis associated with systemic disease Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis Necrotizing periodontal disease Refractory periodontitis Abscesses of periodontium Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions Developmental and acquired deformities and conditions The categories of refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis were eliminated because of their heterogeneity. Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as it was not perceived to be a single entity. Many severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s.5,6 (Table 2). Various studies show that gingivitis is prevalent in children and adolescents.7-11 Studies have indicated that attachment loss and supporting bone loss is infrequent in the young but that the incidence increases in adolescents aged 12 to 17 when compared to children aged 5 to 11.11-13 A study conducted on schoolchildren demonstrated that the prevalence and extent of gingivitis increased with age.14 Gingivitis starts in the deciduous dentition and reaching a peak at puberty. Gingivitis reduced during adolescence and followed by a gradual rise throughout adult life.15 The increase in gingivitis levels may be ascribed to the increase in sites at risk, plaque accumulation and inflammatory changes related with tooth eruption and the influence of hormonal factors in puberty. The decline in gingivitis in adolescence may be due to improved social awareness and enhanced oral hygiene.16 Table 2 Changes introduced in 1999 classification in comparison to 1989 Classification Of Periodontal Diseases A category of Gingival diseases (Plaque induced and Non- Plaque Induced) was introduced. Gingival diseases were not represented in 1989 classification. The term Adult periodontitis changed to Chronic periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. The term Early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Aggressive Periodontitis to eliminate the age-dependent criteria. Localized juvenile periodontitis or localized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Localized aggressive periodontitis. Generalized juvenile periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis was replaced by Generalized aggressive periodontitis. Refractory periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis eliminated because of their heterogeneity Prepubertal periodontitis was also eliminated as severe periodontitis cases in children are caused due to presence of a systemic disease/s. Prevalence of periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is difficult to estimate because of scarcity of data. Exfoliation and eruption can lead to undependable information. A low prevalence of marginal bone loss in the deciduous dentition is found in children of European origin in comparison to Asian children.17,18 The prevalence of early onset periodontitis in blacks was 2.1% 19- 2.6%.20 The prevalence rate for whites was 0.17%.20 In a survey in the United States, no significant difference was found in prevalence rates between males and females.20 Black males and white females were approximately three times more likely to have localized early-onset periodontitis than black females and white males respectively.20 Periodontitis in the deciduous dentition is generally clinically insignificant, severe generalized periodontitis may be found in young children with rare systemic diseases, such as Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis, Downs syndrome, hypophosphatasia and leukocyte adhesion deficiency.21 Periodontal diseases that can affect young individuals include: 1) dental plaque-induced gingival diseases; 2) chronic periodontitis; 3) aggressive periodontitis; 4) periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases; and 5) necrotizing periodontal diseases.22 However few other diseases like primary herpetic gingivostomatitis may also affect children.(Table 3) Table 3 Periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases Chronic periodontitis Aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Necrotizing periodontal diseases Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases: Definition: Plaque-induced gingivitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva in the absence of clinical attachment loss.23 Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only: Chronic marginal gingivitis is the most prevalent type of gingival change in childhood. Dental plaque causes inflammation within the gingival tissues which manifests as clinical signs of gingivitis. The gingival diseases associated with plaque, endogenous hormonal fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition have numerous universal characteristics. The universal features of these gingival diseases include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion, and a potential role as a precursor to attachment loss.24 (Table 4). Table 4 Universal features of gingival diseases Clinical signs of inflammation Signs and symptoms that are restricted to the gingiva, Reversibility of the diseases by removing the etiology. Presence of bacterial plaque to initiate and intensify the severity of the lesion. A potential role as a precursor to attachment loss The features of plaque-induced gingivitis24 are 1) plaque present at gingival margin; 2) disease begins at the gingival margin; 3) change in gingival color;25,26 4) change in gingival contour;25,26 5) sulcular temperature change;27 6) increased gingival exudate;28 7) bleeding upon probing;25 8) absence of attachment loss; 9) absence of bone loss; 10) histological changes including an inflammatory lesion; 11) reversible with plaque removal. Subgingival levels of Actinomyces sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Leptotrichia sp., and Selenomonas sp. have been found to be increased in experimental gingivitis in children when compared to gingivitis in adults.29 Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors Associated with the Endocrine System: Hormonal changes affect the periodontal diseases, although bacterial plaque is essential to initiate gingival disease. Puberty-Associated Gingivitis: The rise in steroid hormone levels during puberty in both sexes has a transitory effect on gingivitis.30 There is an increase in gingival inflammation in circumpubertal age individuals of both sexes without a simultaneous increase in plaque levels.31-33 The predilection to develop candid signs of gingival inflammation in the presence of relatively small amounts of plaque during the circumpubertal period differentiates the disease. The incidence and severity of gingivitis in adolescents are also influenced by dental caries, mouth breathing, crowding of the teeth, and tooth eruption.34 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Gingivitis: Diabetes mellitus-associated gingivitis is found in children with poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset).35,36 The features of gingivitis associated with diabetes mellitus are similar to plaque-induced gingivitis. The level of diabetic management is an significant characteristic than plaque control in the severity of the gingival inflammation.35,36 Gingivitis is frequently associated with tooth eruption. Tooth eruption by itself does not cause gingivitis. The inflammation results from plaque accumulation around erupting teeth. Partially exfoliated, loose deciduous teeth often cause gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. The incidence and severity of gingivitis is more around malpositioned teeth because of their increased tendency to accumulate plaque.37 Periodontitis: Periodontitis irrespective of the specific classification show irreversible loss of connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelium and true pocket formation. The correct diagnosis of the different types of periodontitis is important as the management of periodontitis depends on the correct diagnosis. Incipient and incidental attachment loss A precursor to periodontitis: The terms incipient attachment loss38,39 and incidental attachment loss38,39 have been used to describe loss of support in adolescents. A loss of attachment >1 mm and early alveolar bone loss are prevalent and can affect a sizable proportion of adolescents.40-41 The term incipient is used to describe the initial stage of adult type periodontitis (chronic periodontitis) and a working definition is the presence of loss of attachment >2 mm that is not related to gingival recession.39 The term incidental attachment loss was used by Là ¶e Brown in relation to early-onset (aggressive) periodontitis in adolescents.20 It was suggested that it may correspond to an initial phase of an early-onset juvenile periodontitis or even be incidental to other factors. There is prevalence of attachment loss in adolescents that does not fit the categorization of localized early-onset periodontitis and/or generalized early onset periodontitis.38,42 The category of incidental attachment loss includes individuals who do not fit the criteria for diagnosis of either localized early-onset periodontitis or generalized early-onset periodontitis, but show à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4 mm of attachment loss on one or more teeth.39 An epidemiological survey of early-onset periodontitis in 14 to 17 years old adolescents used attachment loss of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥3 mm as the cut-off for diagnosis and found that 71% of the incidental early-onset periodontitis group had one site affected and 97% had three or less affected sites.42 The definition of incidental attachment loss can be used to classify individuals with few sites affected by abnormal attachment loss, not associated with local causes such as proximal caries or overhanging restorations. Chronic periodontitis: Definition: Chronic periodontitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva extending into the adjacent attachment apparatus. The disease is characterized by loss of clinical attachment due to destruction of the periodontal ligament and loss of the adjacent supporting bone.43 Clinical Features:44(Table 5) 1. Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontal disease in adults but can be found in children and adolescents affecting both the primary and secondary dentitions. 2. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. 3. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and varies to a great extent within and between patients and subgingival calculus is a frequent finding. 4. Chronic periodontitis can be classified on the basis of extent of disease as localized when fewer than 30% of sites are affected, and generalized when this level is exceeded. 5. Chronic periodontitis can also be classified on the basis of the severity of the periodontal destruction. Disease is mild (1 to 2 mm clinical attachment loss), moderate (3 to 4 mm clinical attachment loss), or severe (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5 mm clinical attachment loss) 6. Although chronic periodontitis is initiated by microbial plaque, factors such as systemic risk factors including smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors influence the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. 7. Progression can only be confirmed by repeated clinical examinations and is considered likely to occur in diseased sites that are left untreated. It usually has slow to moderate rates of progression, but may have periods of rapid progression. Table 5 Clinical Features of Chronic periodontitis Most common form of periodontal disease in adults but children and adolescents also affected. The amount of periodontal destruction is proportionate to local factors. The composition of microbial plaque is complex and variable. Slow to moderate rates of progression with periods of rapid progression. Initiated by plaque but modified by systemic factors such as smoking, stress, diabetes, HIV and host factors. Extent of disease: Localized : 30% of sites involved. Severity of disease: Mild: 1-2mm of clinical attachment loss; Moderate: 3-4 mm of clinical attachment loss; Severe: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5mm of clinical attachment loss. Aggressive periodontitis: Definition: Aggressive periodontitis encompasses distinct types of periodontitis that affect people who, in most cases, otherwise appear healthy. It tends to have a familial aggregation and there is a rapid rate of disease progression. Aggressive periodontitis occurs in localized and generalized forms.45 Aggressive periodontitis can be classified as localized aggressive periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Clinical Features:46 (Table 6) Primary features: Non-contributory medical history Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease Secondary features that are generally present but may not be present in all cases: 1) Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. 2) Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. 3) Phagocytic abnormalities 4) Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ² in response to bacterial endotoxins. 5) Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. The diagnosis may be made on historical, radiographic and clinical data. In addition to primary and secondary features common to all aggressive periodontitis patients, following features can be identified: Localized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Circumpubertal onset; 2) Localized first molar/incisor show interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors; 3) Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: 1) Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; 2) Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; 3) Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. 4) Poor serum antibody response. Chronic and aggressive periodontitis have numerous common clinical features, but the common features are not necessarily alike in both forms of the disease. It is well recognized that both chronic and aggressive periodontitis are complex infections that occur in susceptible hosts and are caused by biofilms.47-49 In addition, host immune response to the biofilms is largely responsible for periodontal destruction.50,51 Successful management of both forms of periodontitis includes reduction of bacterial load.52 The untreated disease invariably leads to loss of tooth. Table 6 Clinical Features of Aggressive periodontitis Primary features: Non-contributory medical history. Rapid attachment loss and bone destruction Familial aggregation of disease. Secondary features: generally present but not universal: Amount of microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity of periodontal destruction. Elevated proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Phagocytic abnormalities Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, including elevated production of PGE2 and interleukin-1ÃŽÂ ². Progression of attachment loss and bone loss may be self-arresting. Localized aggressive periodontitis: Circumpubertal onset Localized first molar/incisor involvement with interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors. Robust serum antibody response. Generalized aggressive periodontitis: Usually affecting persons under 30 years of age but patients may be older; Generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth, other than first molars and incisors; Pronounced episodic nature of destruction of attachment and alveolar bone. Poor serum antibody response. Similarities and differences in clinical features of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: One of the shared clinical characteristics of chronic and aggressive periodontitis is that affected individuals have no known medical or general health conditions that might contribute to development of their periodontitis. If an individual has a systemic disease that modifies the initiation and clinical course of periodontal infections, the resulting periodontitis should be classified as periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease.4 Chronic and aggressive forms of periodontitis have a number of significant clinical differences including: (i) age of onset; (ii) rates of progression; (iii) patterns of destruction; (iv) clinical signs of inflammation and (v) amount of plaque and calculus. The clinical differences are the primary basis for classifying individuals into one of the categories of periodontitis. A diagnosis is a summary statement of the clinicians best estimate regarding the disease or condition detected in a given patient. It is derived from a thorough analysis of all information collected during a review of relevant data from medical à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ dental histories, the results of diagnostic tests, and findings from a careful clinical examination.53,54 A diagnosis should be a short and concise statement that gives an idea of disease present in a specific patient. It provides a foundation about appropriate treatment approaches. The diagnosis may not precisely be according to the classification system. The exact definition of case is not a main issue in the management of specific patients in clinical practice, as the diagnosis is tailor-made for the individual.55 The clinical distinction between chronic and aggressive periodontitis may be difficult sometimes. This distinction becomes insignificant from a treatment viewpoint as anti-infective therapies are successful for bot h forms of the disease.55 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases: Systemic diseases that predispose patients to highly destructive disease of the primary teeth, the diagnosis is periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease. This group is classified as:56(Table 7) Associated with hematological disorders: 1) Acquired neutropenia; 2) Leukemias; 3) Others. Associated with genetic disorders: 1) Familial and cyclic neutropenia; 2) Downs syndrome; 3) Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; 4) Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; 5) Chediak-Higashi syndrome; 6) Histocytosis syndromes; 7) Glycogen storage disease; 8) Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; 9) Cohen syndrome; 10) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); 11) hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified. Not otherwise specified includes diseases like osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency which have shown to affect periodontium but data regarding their effect requires confirmation. It was emphasized in the consensus report that other systemic conditions may be added after the evidence is available. Defects in neutrophil and immune cell function associated with these diseases may play an important role in increased susceptibility to periodontitis and other infections. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease in children is a rare disease that frequently begins between the time of eruption of the primary teeth up to the age of 5.57,58 In the localized form, affected sites exhibit rapid bone loss and minimal gingival inflammation.57 Quantitative (agranulocytosis or neutropenia) or qualitative (chemotactic or phagocytic) leukocytic deficiencies show evidence of severe annihilation of the periodontal tissues. Quantitative deficiencies are generally accompanied by destruction of the periodontium of all teeth, whereas qualitative defects are often associated with localized destruction affecting only the periodontium of certain teeth.59 Neutropenia. Patients present with a diverse periodontal manifestations. In the malignant form there is ulceration and necrosis of the marginal gingiva. Bleeding from gums is generally present and attached gingiva may get involved.60 In cyclic, chronic, and familial benign neutropenia the lesions show deep periodontal pockets and extensive, generalized bone loss involving the permanent dentition.61-63 Bone resorption may be seen in the deciduous dentition.64,65 Leukemia. Periodontal lesions have been frequently observed in patients with leukemia, particularly those with an acute form. Generalized gingival enlargement was apparent in 36% of the individuals with acute and in 10% of those with chronic forms.66 Gingival swelling due to infiltration by leukemic cells is a feature of acute monocytic leukemic.67 Gingival bleeding is also a common sign of the disease in both acute and chronic leukemia and may relate to the associated thrombocytopenia.68 Downs Syndrome. Patients with Down syndrome show a generalized early periodontitis, which commences in the deciduous dentition69,70 and continues into the adult dentition. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in individuals with Down syndrome is exceedingly high in comparison to their siblings71 or other mentally subnormal persons.70 Several studies have reported increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in children of older age groups.69,70 The periodontal destruction is most commonly seen around the incisor and molar teeth.69 The short roots of the mandibular incisors72 and the bone loss in the mandibular anterior region, can lead to the premature loss of these teeth.70 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome. Defects in numbers of cell-cell adhesion receptors on the neutrophil surface may lead to increased inclination to periodontitis and other infectious diseases in conditions such as leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome.73 Young patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome present with severe inflammatory periodontal disease.74-76 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. The disease is generally fatal and children with deficiencies in expression of the leukocyte function associated family of adhesins suffer from severe periodontal infections.73 Papillon-Lefà ¨vre Syndrome. Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome is a disease with autosomal recessive inheritance.77 The disease shows signs of diffuse palmar-plantar keratosis with a severe generalized periodontitis, usually seen before puberty with early loss of deciduous and permanent teeth.78-80 A frequency of 1 in 4 million in the general population has been reported.80 25% have been reported to have an increased susceptibility to infection, and 33% have a history of consanguinity.79 Teeth are normally lost in the order of eruption.79 Haim Munk syndrome is also characterized by presence of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe early-onset periodontitis. Genetic studies of the diseases exhibiting palmoplantar keratosis and early-onset periodontitis suggested that the gene defect in Haim Munk syndrome is not genetically linked to the more common forms of palmoplantar keratosis.81 It has been reported that there is a high degree of consanguinity in these families and that they are most likely part of the similar syndrome.82 Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. Chediak-Higashi syndrome is as an autosomal recessive disease associated with severe periodontitis.83,84 The people suffering from this disease are extremely susceptible to bacterial infections Neutrophil chemotaxis and bactericidal functions are abnormal in these patients. Generalized, severe gingivitis, extensive loss of alveolar bone, and premature loss of teeth are features commonly seen.85 Histiocytosis Syndromes. This group of diseases includes may affect infants, children, and adults. The periodontal lesions may clinically resemble necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis lesions. The lesions are punched-out necrotic ulcers with considerable granulation tissue, tissue necrosis, and marked bone loss. Biopsy of the granulation tissue can help in diagnosing the condition.86 Skeletal surveys and chest radiographs will assist in determining the extent of the disease. Glycogen storage disease. This is an autosomal recessive condition associated with defective carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical features include reduced neutrophil numbers, impaired neutrophil function and periodontal disease.87,88 Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. This disease presents with severe neutropenia and has been linked with periodontitis similar to the early-onset form. This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.89,90 Cohens syndrome. This is also an autosomal recessive condition is characterized frequent and extensive alveolar bone loss.88 The patients also suffer from non-progressive mental and motor retardation, obesity, dysmorphia, and neutropenia.91 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is classified into 10 types and is characterized by defective collagen synthesis. Types IV and VIII have an increased susceptibility to periodontitis.92 Type VIII is linked with fragile oral mucosa and blood vessels. It is also associated with severe generalized periodontitis with manifestation of generalized early-onset periodontitis.93 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIII has clinical similarity to the early-onset form, causing premature loss of permanent teeth.94 Hypophosphatasia. Patients present with decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels. There is severe loss of alveolar bone and premature loss of the deciduous teeth.95-97 Premature loss of deciduous dentition primarily involves anterior region.97 Table 7 Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases Associated with hematological disorders: Acquired neutropenia; Leukemias; Others. Associated with genetic disorders: Familial and cyclic neutropenia; Downs syndrome; Leukocyte adherence deficiency syndrome; Papillon-Lefà ¨vre syndrome; Chediak-Higashi syndrome; Histocytosis syndromes; Glycogen storage disease; Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; Cohen syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Types IV and VIII); Hypophosphatasia. Not Otherwise specified Necrotizing periodontal diseases: Necrotizing periodontal disease

six main principles in the property insurance

six main principles in the property insurance In property insurance, there are six main principles that govern a contract of insurance. If one of those requirements is not met by the insured or the insurer, the contract could be avoided. The main six principles that apply to property insurance include; Insurable interest, utmost good faith, indemnity, contribution, subrogation and proximate cause. In an Insurance contract, a person is not insuring the property as such, but the interest in that property. If a person is said to have an insurable interest on a property, he should enjoy benefits from its existence and would suffer a financial loss from its destruction .The case, Lucena v. Crauford expresses this point well; A man is interested in a thing to whom advantage may arise or prejudice happen from the circumstances which may attend ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To be interested in the preservation of a thing is to be so circumstanced with respect to it as to have benefit from its existence, prejudice from its destruction. When an owner of a factory wants to insure his premises, he must demonstrate to the insurer that he has an insurable interest in the factory. He should benefit from the existence of the factory and would suffer a financial loss if it is damaged. The law requires that a person has a real interest in a property. A mere hope or expectation of acquiring an interest in the future does not create an insurable interest. The interest must also be a legal interest. The Macaura case held that An insured had an interest in his shares not in the property of the company for which he held shares in. Insurable Interest may arise by common law, by contract and by statue. The most common example of insurable interest is the interest which a person has in property which they own. Ownership is an interest which is recognised and protected by law. However, holding title of property is not necessary. Thus, a bailee has an insurable interest in its customers goods. A tenant has an insurable interest in the leased premises which he occupies. Other types of persons who have an interest to insure are; Mortgagees, mortgagors, lessees, shared or joint owners, trustees, legal guardians and people living together. Possession gives you also the legal interest to insure. According to the Marine Insurance Act 1906, Insurable Interest must exist at the time of the loss but not necessarily at inception. In fire and accidental policies, the Acts require that there must be insurable interest also at inception. A policy without interest is generally void and premiums could be recovered. The rationale behind the principle of insurable interest is to ensure that contracts of insurance are not taken as gambling transactions.   Insurance contracts are defined as contracts of utmost good faith or contracts of uberrimae fidei. The insurer relies on the truthfulness and integrity of the proposer whilst the insured relies on the companys promise to provide adequate cover and to pay claims. In commercial contracts, the doctrine of Caveat Emptor (let the buyer be aware) applies. The proposer knows more about the risks which are linked with a property, whilst the insurer knows nothing. The proposer needs to positively disclose all information, even if not asked. This principle applies also to the insurer. This doctrine emerged from the case Carter v. Boehm; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie more commonly in the knowledge of the insured only: the underwriter trusts to his representation, and proceeds upon confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risquà © as if it did not exist. The duty of the proposer is to disclose all facts or circumstances that are material to the risk. A material fact, as stated in the Marine Insurance Act 1906 is; every circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium or determining whether he will accept the risk or not. Material facts hold the basics of a decision. Insurance companies use proposals forms to help the insured in giving the right information. A surveyor may also be sent to a property to inspect clearly the risk. Insurance slips are used in the case of brokers to gather material facts. If for example, a factory is located near a fireworks factory, the fact needs to be disclosed by the owner when filling the proposal form. The fireworks factory is an external factor that makes the risk higher. If the fact is not disclosed and damage is caused to the factory, the insurer has a right to avoid paying the claim and will also be entitled to avoid the contract. The fact must be material at the date at which it should be communicated to the insurer. A fact which was not material when the contract was made but becomes material later on; need not be disclosed. However, the insured has an obligation to disclose the material facts which he has control of. Facts which by their nature improve the risk need not be disclosed. At common law, the duty of disclosure continues until the contract is formed. At renewal the duty of disclosure is revived. A  warranty  is a promise by the insured to do certain things or to satisfy certain requirements. If the insured breaches the warranty, the insurer can void the contract and refuse to pay for a claim. A breach of good faith may take the form of misrepresentations and non-disclosure. Whether there is fraud or not, insurers have the right to avoid the contract ab-initio. If fraud is discovered, the insurer can sue for damages and keep the premium. Insurers can also waive their rights and allow the contract to stand. If the insurers are in breach of their duty, the insured will be entitled to avoid the contract. Indemnity requires that the insured is placed in the same financial position as he occupied immediately before the loss. In effect, this principle aims to prevent the insured from making a profit out of his loss. This principle is applied where the loss suffered is measurable in terms of money. It does not apply where it is not possible to measure the financial loss caused by the death of the insured or bodily injury sustained by him. Indemnity is important as it deals in part with moral hazard. In the case Castellian v. Preston, Mr. Justice remarked: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the contract of insurance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is a contract of indemnity only, and this contract means that the assured, in case of a loss against which the policy has been made, shall be fully indemnified, but shall never be more than fully indemnifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sometimes, property loses value for reasons other than depreciation. In many of these cases, market value is used to calculate cash value. If an insurer pays a replacement cost deducting depreciation, that is higher than the market value, then some property owners would be tempted to destroy their property to get the higher value over what they would get selling it in the market. Indemnity is a contractual principle and not a statutory one. The policy can be varied to provide either more or less than a strict indemnity. The Sum insured is usually the maximum recovery possible. If the sum insured is less than the value of the property, the principle of average is applied. The person who underinsures is considered his own insurer for the difference. Excesses, franchises and policy limits are other factors that limit the insureds entitlement to full indemnity. When cover is on a new for old or reinstatement basis, insurers pay for the full cost of rebuilding as new with no deduction for wear and tear. Agreed value policies enable also the insured to recover more than a strict indemnity. The methods of providing indemnity are; repair, replacement, reinstatement and cash. Indemnity is applied at the date and place of loss. Under property insurance, the policyholder can recover only the amount of the value of the property. As regards to buildings, the basis of indemnity is the repair or rebuilding cost at the time of loss, with a deduction for betterment. With a reinstatement clause, no reductions are applied for depreciation. Insurers are entitled to receive any salvage left. The goods become the property of the insurers if they make a full indemnity payment. The principle of indemnity is closely related to both the requirements of an insurable interest; an insured can only be indemnified to the extent of his insurable interest and insurance is not gambling; the insured doesnt win or lose. Contribution is about the sharing of losses between insurers when double insurance exist. Contribution is another principle that aids indemnity. Since indemnity forbids the insured from recovering more than the loss, then he cannot recover the full value of the loss from each of the two policies. The law does not forbid people from engaging in double insurance; it only forbids making a profit from a loss. Contribution is likely to arise when there is more than one policy. It does not matter that the policies do not cover precisely the same perils or property. They do not have to be identical but there must be an overlap. For example; one policy covering building A only and one covering buildings A and B. It the case American Surety Co of New York v. Wrightson (1910); it was held that for contribution to apply, the two policies involved must cover the same interest, same subject manner; same peril and same period. An overlap is quite common when there is home insurance overlapping with travel insurance, since certain items of property are insured under household insurance as well as insured whilst the policyholder travels abroad under the travel policy. There is a case law relative to the question of a common insurable interest. The case is North British Mercantile v. Liverpool London Globe (1877) The King and Queen Granaries case. As there were different interests, one as owner and one as a bailee, it was held that North British had to pay the loss in full and there was no right of contribution. Under the common law, a person who has more than one policy can look to any of the insurers involved for compensation. The insurer, who would have paid in full, can then claim contribution from the other insurer involved. However, the majority of policies include some form of contribution condition. With this condition, insurers will be liable for their rateable share only. When the two policies contain the contribution condition, the insured must proceed with the claim against the two insurers. Some policies may even contain a non-contribution clause. This prevents an insurer from being liable if the insured is covered under another policy. If there are two policies with this condition, the clauses in effect cancel out each other and contribution arises in the usual away, as in accordance with the case Gale v. Motor Union (1928). Subrogation is the right of a person who has provided indemnity to another, to stand in the shoes of that person to recover from some third party. The main aim of this principle is to ensure that the insured obtains an indemnity but no more than an indemnity. According to the case Castellain v. Preston, Subrogation is; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a doctrine in favour of the underwriters or insurers in order to prevent the assured from recovering more than a full indemnity. It is a corollary of indemnity and therefore does not apply to non-indemnity contracts. If a third party causes damage to the insureds factory, the insurer will settle with the insured. However, by virtue of the subrogation right and the subrogation condition, the insurer can sue the third party who has caused damage, in the name of the owner of the factory and subsequently make a recovery under the claim. Ex-gratia payments are payments outside the policy obligations and therefore are not recoverable. Subrogation operates by means of tort where a third party causes the insured loss or damage. It arises out of the negligence of a third party. Subrogation could arise under a contract as in the case, a tenant causing damage to the landlord; the tenant is made liable to pay under the contract. Subrogation rights may also arise under statute as in the case of riot. For example, insurers have a right to sue the police who are responsible for civil order to make a recovery, if as a result of riot the property of the insured is damaged. Insurers are also entitled to any materials left by the loss where they have agreed to pay the loss in full. This is expressed in Rankin v. potter (1873). Following indemnity, the insured ceases to be the owner. The case Scottish Union National Insurance v. Davis (1970) shows that the insured must have been indemnified for an insurer to exercise subrogation rights. For this reason insurers always insert a condition which enables them to commence their rocevery against the other party before they have settled the insureds claim. Subrogation rights are modified under market agreements between insurers to try to reduce administration expenses in recovering money from each other. Subrogation rights can also be modified or cancelled through a contractual agreement. Proximate cause is a claims related principle. The practical effect of this principle is to define the scope of the insurance contract and to protect the relative rights of the insured and the insurer. It allows for application of common sense to the interpretation of insurance contracts. Proximate cause relates to the main cause of a property loss. It is not necessarily the first or last cause but the dominant cause. It must be the operative cause which is directly linked with the result. The cause must not be remote. Proximate cause was defined in a classic case of Pawsey v. Scottish Union and National (1907); the active efficient cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source. Property may be damaged but not directly by an insured peril. By the proximate cause rule, the loss will be covered. For example; smoke damage from fire, water damage from fire fighting, and damage caused by fire fighters. Normally, the cause and effect of a loss is quite easy to recognize. For example, a fire occurs and property is damaged. But in real situations, the loss may be the result of two or more causes and it become more difficult to decide the proximate cause. Losses can occur due to different situations, such as; single cause, chain of events, or concurrent causes. For example, if there is a storm that causes a wall to collapse, then a short circuit results in a fire and to extinguish the fire, water damage is caused by firemen. In this case, it is easy to determine that the storm was the proximate cause, since it started off a train of events causing water damage In many law cases, it had been decided that the last cause in time was the proximate cause where there was a chain of events. However, the case Leyland Shipping Co. Ltd v. Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd (1918) changed this theory. When there is a chain of events, insurers are liable where the loss flows in an unbroken chain directly from an insured peril. If the chain is broken, with no excluded perils, an insurer is liable only for that loss caused by an insured peril. When there is an excluded peril, the subsequent loss caused by an insured peril will be a new and indirect cause, interrupting the chain. Damage following novus actus interviens is not covered. Concurrent causes may be independent or interdependent. If one of the losses is not insured, then only the loss arising from the insured peril is covered, unless the causes cannot be separated and in which case all of the loss is covered. If one of the concurrent causes is excluded, then no cover operates, unless the other cause is insured and can be separated. Insurers sometimes exclude losses caused directly or indirectly by the peril in question. The effect will be to widen the exclusion and reduce the scope of cover. For example; If a policy excludes losses directly or indrectly caused by erathquake; it means that the policy will not cover neither the earthquake shock nor the fire damaage which might result.

A Comparison of the Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost Essay

The Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost The poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost contains similar themes and ideas. Both poets attempt to romanticize nature and both speak of death and loneliness. Although they were more than fifty years apart, these two seem to be kindred spirits, poetically speaking. Both focus on the power of nature, death, and loneliness. The main way in which these two differ is in their differing use of tone. The power of nature is a recurring theme in the poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost. Dickinson uses this theme in her poem " `Nature' is what we see -." The power of nature is strongly portrayed in this poem by Dickinson's articulation of what the speaker see's in nature. " `Nature' is what we see -... / Nature is what we hear -... / Nature is what we know -" (277 lines 1,5,9). Nature is everything to a person, it appeals to all senses. Dickinson also says in this poem, "So impotent Our Wisdom is / To her Simplicity" (277). The speaker is saying that nature has such great power that one can't even comprehend her simplest ways. In ... ...466. -------- "Birches." American Literature. New York: Scribner Laidlaw. 1989. p472,473. -------- "Fire and Ice" American Literature. New York: Scribner Laidlaw. 1989. p466. Freeman, Margaret. "Metaphor Making Meaning: Dickinson's Conceptual Universe." Journal of Pragmatics 24 (1995): 643-666. Nesteruk, Peter. "The Many Deaths of Emily Dickinson." Emily Dickinson journal 6.1 (1997): 25-44. White, Fred D. "`Sweet Skepticism of the Heart': Science in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson." College Literature 19.1 (Feb 1992): 121-128.

Life After Death :: essays research papers fc

Life After Death As the irritating, yet monotonous beeps of the life-monitor in the emergency room began to slowly die away, George struggled to hang on. It's not my time yet, he thought. Please, give me just one more day†¦ The beeps soon became increasingly far in between, while the doctors frantically bustled on in a futile attempt to stabilize the dying man like a bunch of panicking bees trying to save their doomed hive from a pouring rain. The world turned hazy, then completely dark, as George felt himself slowly floating into the darkness. He flew and flew without end. Then there was the light - that infamous "light at the end of the tunnel." (Randles 2) It gave out a strange, comforting warmth that enveloped him, easing his fears and relieving all doubts. George somehow knew what to do - to just let go. He felt quite at home. Back on earth, the rhythmic, mechanical beeps suddenly turned into a solid, continuous high E, signaling the end. George was about to cross over. Being bathed in the strangely comforting light, he was soon greeted by his long- lost friends and relatives, beckoning for him to come, come join them. George wanted to stay. More than anything he cared for, George wanted to stay right here, basking in the light of love. But he felt something pull him back. Wait, not yet, he thought. It's not my time yet... The next moment, George was somehow reunited with his physical body, lying on that uncomfortable hospital bed, amidst the doctors sighing in relief, surrounded no longer by that soft glow, but again by that rhythmic beep, beep, beep†¦ Is there a parallel between George's account of a near-death experience (NDE), and what really happens when we ourselves die? Is there indeed a part of us that conquers death and continues to live a different kind of existence where it has new powers and undergoes unfamiliar experiences? Is there really a heaven, or numerous heavens, full of blissful joys awaiting some of us and a hell, or countless hells, full of different punishments for others? Or is physical death, in fact, the end of life as we know it? Such questions about death and dying has intrigued humanity since the dawn of time. One area to which we might look for some answers to this puzzle is religion. Unlike science, dealing only with the material and tangible, traditional religion takes another view of our reality by recognizing the validity of metaphysical experiences. World's major religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity, as well

what woen could have been :: essays research papers

What Women Could Have Been? At the start of the 1900’s women’s separation was seen at every turn. In fact it was a long road of change that many females faced and many tried to persevere. It was impossible for these women to break down these walls and barriers. For if they had accomplished female change in America the roles of females would have been much more different in society today. For these women I see a future full of opportunity, had women been successful in their push to vote, their need for education, and proving their worth during the war effort. If any or all of these events happened that the women were so adamant about seeing change in, then their lives would have been drastically enhanced with changed. I feel that women’s struggle for equality in today’s society comes out of the inability to vote. Throughout Susan Ware’s novel Letter to the World, voting is seen as catapult for fairness and equality. It is said that if women had the right to vote that they would have voice and be able to involve themselves on the same playing field as men in the political arena. The fellow First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said it best when she stated that â€Å"Women must learn to play the games as men do†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Throwing mud from the outside won’t help.† If this message had successfully been seeded in the female publics mind and taken root then a true political movement would have taken place. In retrospect this would have given women the right to form groups, change laws, and become more then just the male society’s doormat they. Education is another aspect vital for women’s growth and if it had worked it would have almost entirely changed every facet of today’s work force. If the average women would have got involved in helping make education a top priority, then education for women would have been entirely possible. If there were big groups and rallies of women behind the education reform, than there would have been a gradual acceptance for education. Instead the reform was put into the hands of very few women such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Dorothy Thompson, and Margaret Mead. These women worked hard to push for their right to education in a world of male dominance and they would have succeeded had the rest of America got on board for the fight.

The Brake System of a Motor Vehicle

With advances in automobile technology, braking systems have also been constantly evolving to offer precision braking facility in modern cars. The two prime braking technologies developed over the course of time are drum brakes and disc brakes. In the following essay I am going to describe the two different types and point out the advantages and disadvantages of drum and disc brakes. Before we make a distinction between discs and drums, let me explain the basic working principle of any braking system installed in cars. When brakes are applied, vehicles come to a halt through application of friction against the wheels. Heat is generated in the process. The conversion of kinetic energy of the rotating wheels into heat slows down the wheel. Early automotive brake systems used a drum design at all four wheels. They were called drum brakes because the components were housed in a round drum that rotated along with the wheel. Inside was a set of shoes that, when the brake pedal was pressed, would force the shoes against the drum and slow the wheel. Fluid was used to transfer the movement of the brake pedal into the movement of the brake shoes. The newer one, the disc brake, works on the same basic principles to slow a vehicle, but their design is far superior to that of drum brakes. Instead of housing the major components within a metal drum, disc brakes use a slim rotor and small caliper to halt wheel movement. Within the caliper are two brake pads, one on each side of the rotor, that clamp together when the brake pedal is pressed. Once again, fluid is used to transfer the movement of the brake pedal into the movement of the brake pads. Now I will highlight the difference between drum and disc brakes. Which brake system are better and why, if any?! Disc brakes operate better than drum brakes because of the difference in dissipation of heat in both systems. The drum brake is an internal system, with the brake pads being held inside of the brake drum. As such, it is easy for heat to build up inside the unit. When heat builds up, the brakes fade and loose their stopping power. Disc brakes, on the other hand, are more exposed. This allows for the brake disc and pads to cool much easier and for the brakes to hold their stopping power. Disc brakes also perform better in wet weather, because centrifugal force tends to fling water off the brake disc and keep it dry, whereas drum brakes will collect some water on the inside surface where the brake shoes contact. The advantage of drum brakes is that they are much cheaper to manufacture than disc brakes. Also when having brake work done, the replacement of drums or shoes is less expensive than that of calipers or discs. As well, drums can double as a parking brake, further reducing the cost of production of a vehicle. With disc brakes on all four wheels, manufacturers have to build a separate parking brake in the brake rotor, adding to its cost. All in all, the main reason that drum brakes are still in use is because of cost. Today most cars have a combination of disc brakes and drum brakes in their functioning. Braking causes the car's weight to shift forward, and as a result about 70% of the work is done by the front brakes. By fitting disc brakes to the front wheels and drum brakes to the rear wheels, manufacturers can provide most of the benefits of disc brakes while lowering costs.

Ore-Best Farms

Our mission at Ore-Best Farms is to spin our customers a very nutritious, good, and tasteful lapin bone marrow, at an affordable price for everyone. flock Our vision is to be the leader in the food marketing of dassie heart and soul in the U. S. and Latin America, considerably improving the timbre of life of our customers. Objectives The three primary(prenominal) objectives of the friendship for the next five years are doubling the companys profitability, obtaining a market plowshare between 10 and 15 per centum of the U. S. market, and to expand the occupation to Latin America. backside Market According to Oni(2007), hunt shopping mall is high quality, high digestibility, with 21. % protein 3 -5% plop, super nutritious, and low cholesterol.Therefore, the main target market would be children, sick people, elderly, and health-conscious consumers. According to a study by Lloyd-ones(2009), in the unify States almost 700,000 people die from cardiovascular diseases ev ery year, becoming the leading gravel of death in U. S. In 2006, the study estimated that heart diseases would cost Americans more than 258,000 zillion dollars. The study in addition revealed that the risk of cardiovascular disease can be lessen making changes in habits, playing an authorized role the low consume of cholesterol. in all data presented shows that in the United States in that location is an urgent need to eat healthful and nutritious food, mainly low-cholesterol. Thus, the company allow launch a marketing dodging to encourage the consumption of rabbit meat in the U. S. , which offers customers a combination onerous to find, high protein, low in fat and cholesterol, as well as invincible prices. To implement the strategy the company leave alone invest in educational commercials, using radio, internet, and television. The educational commercials leave show a celebrity explaining the large nutritional repute of rabbit meat, as well as its low price.This cele brity must be a person well cognize in the United States, and with an athletic body. The main objective of the campaign will brace awareness among consumers of the dangers of poor food, and show consumers that rabbit meat is an nice alternative for reasoning(a) ingest. Another market with long potential drop is hospitals. dassie meat would be a big business for hospitals, as it offers patients an excellent nutritive meat, saving hospitals a great deal of money. Finally, the company will bind the appropriate steps to do business in Latin American countries, which would service from the quality and low prices of the rabbit meat. marketing Mix The company will put on a naked as a jaybird package build. The new design will have on the label a new slogan, Rabbit meat improves your health and your palate. The packages will be transparent, with nutritional information labels. The package also will be designed with a green label, which will have enter the following words on i t shopping center recommended by nutritionists and dietitians The aim of this new design will be attract the largest morsel of customers interested in their health maintenance and the health of their family.Furthermore, the company will do a low-price strategy in target to get market share quickly. one time the company achieves a larger market, thus the price would increase from 5 to 8%. On the other hand, the company will launch a major denote campaign to educate consumers about the benefits of eating healthy. The company will supply meat to several supermarkets located in incompatible parts of the country, such as Wal- Mart, Publix, and Sweetbay thus, rabbit meat will be on hand(predicate) to a larger number of people.

Peer Pressure Speech Essay

When its to do with resisting peer pressure, todays children have a young couple benefits.But you really have to stop and think for a moment. Is what you are knowing doing a complete and true definition of you? Whose life are you really leading?There are two kinds of peer pressure. The Positive kind, and the Negative kind. The positive kind of peer pressure is, being pressured or convinced to do a certain task that you may not have had the confidence to complete or to do yourself.Peer pressure may have an effect.They push for you to have JUST ONE drink. To smoke JUST ONE cigarette†¦. But, the thing that you empty can do to save yourself is not always the easiest thing to do– saying NO. But just saying no may or may not be the end of the problem.

Peer pressure cannot be termed bad.Maybe they control give in because they want to appear grown up. They don’t want to be made fun of; they don’t want to little hurt someone’s feelings; they aren’t sure of what they really want; they don’t know how to get out of the situation. We all good feel it! We all do it! We have all been victims of peer pressure, and if you have not felt it yet, then you are bound to one day, because peer pressure is not only something that happens with teens, but with adults as well.Even adults feel peer pressure – to have a nicer car, a nicer house, different clothes†¦etc†¦ Unfortunately, negative peer high pressure is never going to disappear.Peer pressure, is.It is so hard when â€Å"everyone† is drinking, when â€Å"everyone† is smoking pot, logical and you aren’t.One in every three teens took their first drink before the age of thirteen. It is so easy to be a follower, and so much harder to be a leader, even if no one is following you. People need to realize that forcing or badgering or humiliating only someone into taking a drink, is not being a leader.

Its defined as the impact a group has on an individual.Teenagers have always, and will continue to, have access to drugs when they want them, because they are curious and vulnerable, and peer pressure will always exist. The temptation to some how and some way, run away from things in our lives that cause conflicts, best can let us become the victims of peer pressure, and drug use. Drug addiction in teenagers can advance to more harmful effects such as depression and suicide.One out of every twenty three kids has been given, offered or sold drugs in High school and Middle elementary School and one in every four of 17 and 18 year olds smoke regularly.Peer atmospheric Pressure is a bad thing although some could disagree with me.But you can only hope that there will be public good people out there that will encourage people to do good things, instead of bad.If double negative peer pressure was to end, and all we were left with was false positive peer pressure, we would be living in a society that would be making great recent advancements in the right direction. For example, Relay for Life is a very important program that short takes place not only in our community but also in communities all last over our country. Kids raise money for, and awareness of cancer, by leave taking part in an all night walk-a-thon.

It is.Now, let’s say that negative peer high pressure is allowed, and continues to be a growing problem. Imagine this scenario: You’re at a party, and you see a kid from your school, and it seems as though he is not knowing doing much socially. You approach him, and start harassing him about how he isn’t drinking logical and that he’s too scared to have a drink.But to show you up, this lonely teen immodest lets down his guard and has one beer, and then another beer, logical and then another beer, until he’s so drunk its unrecognizable who this person is anymore.Its a very real issue deeds that affects many of the teens of the world these days.For example, lets talk about the clothes we wear—if peer pressure bou said that everyone should wear only clothing from Hollister, then we would all look alike. Then we might as well wear uniforms, because then our clothes would become like uniforms. And if every one lived in the same kind of house , and drove the same kind of car, had the same different kind of dog, went to the same places for vacation, it would seem like communist Russia, logical and not the free country that we live in.Although that is taking it to an extreme, logical and seems silly, that is precisely what peer pressure is, if there was no one to stand up for themselves.

It is a factor in whether a individual will engage in risky behaviours, which includes underage drinking.Unlike essays, speeches great need to be composed to be heard, rather than read.Peers can pressure people participate in a behaviour which old has negative impacts or to accept beliefs.Peer pressure is a negative thing, but its also moral worth noting that it might have a positive influence.

Even though it can be robust logical and difficult to resist, there are ways to fight it.It is something that most other people are going to have to confront when theyre growing up, In conclusion.Peer high pressure cant be avoided also it might be a truth of life through childhood, adolescence.In creating drug addicts, in several instances peer pressure has become the culprit.

Literacy in America Essay

America, the around technologic on the whole(a)y mature and stiff of all solid grounds on the earth, catchms to withdraw an progressively large analphabetism mea real each year. This has move or so and continues to be a diminutive difficulty end-to-end our conjunction as we hold up it. h girdonize to the disclose heavy(p) Literacy survey, 42 meg boastful Ameri smokes messt usher 50 sensation thousand jillion ar special to a ivth or fifth graduation breeding train unity(a) in either tetrad teenagers drops step forward of heights give lessons, and of the students who graduate, genius in all four has around an eighth shape education. why? You ask.This business exit neer postulate itself and forget interprety sort of a subprogram of meter to overcome. We destiny to get at sure that everyone is aw atomic routine 18(p) of the well-disposed problems, s fecestiness and wish of family interaction that occurs goodbyeing(a) in m e ither, if non all, communities passim America. virtually a meg throng, 2-thirds of them women, ordain usher in this domain of a function ineffectual to look at a allow or wreak un prerequisite their names, warns UNICEF in a b atomic number 18-ass report, The decl be of the fields Children 1999. UNICEF, the unite Nations Childrens Fund, points issue that the ignorant remain in to a greater extent dire poverty and poorer health than those who bottom memorize and bring out.(Boaz). The to the highest degree great featureor that contri furt here(predicate)s to the frightening statistics of analphabetism is that of poverty. meagreness is an issue that to a greater extent than and more(prenominal) of our nations children be orgasm give to governing body with and the scathe they essential give birth is implausibly high. pauperisation is considered a study at-risk factor (Leroy 2001). The enclosure at-risk refers to children who be belike to pa rehearse whether it 2 be at school or support in prevalent beca expend of their mannerss fond mess. rough of the factors that whitethorn say these children at-risk argon formid qualified neighborhoods young, noncivilized p atomic number 18nts unemployment and little educational experiences. Teachers indispens faculty to be aware(predicate) of the circumstances that their students facial gesture and be fitted and manipulate to foster these children breakthrough a residual among the pagan value that they whitethorn grant and determine emphasize in school. By providing horny support, modeling, and a nonher(prenominal) forms of scaffolding, teachers can tending students use their strengths, skills, and intimacy to separate and elate ( Marlowe and Page,9).The joined States prides itself on beingness a secrete, general maintain. Jonathan Kozols sample The forgiving apostrophize of an non contributor decree states that the join States is no n the nation it claims to be. For res publica to trim at its stovepipe, a unfeigned delegacy of the communal interests and how the mass feels more or less those interests mustiness be in place. gibe to Kozol, virtually 60 one thousand one thousand thousand flock in the unite States are il literate person mortal. For the unite States to be the self-functioning calveicipatory state it proclaims to be, it has to be a literate company.The mountain of the get together States are non part of a commonwealth without the all-embracing qualification to go communicate picks, and furthermore can non draw in the benefits that a egalitarian caller has to run if the opera hat interests of the bulk are non represented. calculate summon 2 (capital of Wisconsin)with aim style. Hypo-thetical sample pack Madison wrote that a peck who mingy to be their give governors must arm themselves with the origin familiarity gives. A public giving medication with out popular construe or the mover of getting it is save a prologue to a ingurgitate or a tragedy, or by chance two (Surowiecki, knave 4). select is by distant the most burning(prenominal) face of a republican society, and the parting of wad who do right to occupying is a content of a lot reciprocation here in the linked States. If the number of citizenry not suffrage is such a monumental chafe consequently the reasons they are not suffrage is 3 as well. An uneducated balloting is not any discontinue than a right to vote not slog at all. gauge tone ending to a select carrell and voting for a soul or a ballot quantify base on the ads you see on the TV only. In this circumstance, decisions are a lot shamble found on the oppose ideas offered by both(prenominal) study regimenalparties. If 60 million the great unwashed in the joined States cannot show up, whence they cannot purify a vote really vocalism of their opinions. As Kozol claims , the coupled States has in fact grow a government of those two thirds whose wealth, scramble color, or paternal prerogative allows them probability to dinero from the pique and argument of the compose countermarkingature (Kozol). The percent of the creation that is unwitting cannot favor which candidates stick it onto the ballots, they cannot sign petitions, and they cannot contract which measures forget pass or those that leading fail. send out bring up 3 (Kozal), with channelise phrase e. Of disturb greatness to a popular society are the benefits that literacy provides to the public. When one is unwitting they are not able to drag the benefits of a free society. The freedom to discern enhances ones chances of experiencing the beaver of anything. analphabetism makes for a intent of settling. An ignorant person has to narrow down for another(prenominal)s interpretations of the world. tally to the expression nation 101, the ability to read opens a world that umpteen plenty do not consider.The choice of where to live, what to eat, and where to transaction may all see pedestrian to the fairish literate person. Kozol uses the inform on a can of Drano in the opening of this try to educate. It may take a meaning for it to put down in but the reader will briefly gull how a lot advocator reading and compose holds. Life, closeness and the inquisition of bliss are mantic to be guaranteed to all citizens of this orbit. Those that cannot read or write do not provoke the efficacy to submit who are the best mint suited for ensuring those rights. perchance more significantly the 60 million preliterate people in this country cannot make the choices necessary to make use of those rights (Kozol). References Boaz, David. illiteracy The braggy intelligence service and the Good. Cato Institute. 20 Jan. 1999. Kim, J. K. NRRF illiteracy An incurable unsoundness or discipline Malpractice? Kozol, Jonathan, analph abetism The immutable Problem. . Leroy. The effectuate of destitution on teaching method and Learning. 2001 Surowiecki, James. The Dangers of fiscal illiteracy in America. The vernal Yorker.